我国3个桉树人工林种植区生产力影响因素

研究影响桉树人工林生产力的主要因素,对于提高桉树人工林生产力以及经营水平和合理利用树种都具有重要的意义。收集我国3个桉树人工林种植区(广东省、广西壮族自治区、云南省)关于生物量与生产力研究中的相关数据,对海拔、林分密度、林龄、年均温和年降水量与乔木层生物量进行了主成分分析与混合模型分析,探究各因素对我国桉树人工林生物量与生产力的影响。结果显示:年均温、年降水量、林龄、海拔和林分密度均是影响广东、广西、云南这3个省(区)桉树人工林生物量的主要因素,其中年降水量对这3个地区桉树人工林的生物量影响极其显著(P0.01),林龄和林分密度对桉树人工林的生物量影响显著(P0.05)。这是因为这3个地区都位于亚热带,温度都属于桉树生长的适宜温度,而这3个地区存在明显的干湿季,降水量在季节和地域上分布不均匀,导致这3个地区年降水量存在较明显的差异。因此,年降水量成为影响这3个地区桉树人工林生物量的关键因素。     

海拔梯度对祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度的影响

以祁连山西水林区青海云杉典型林分为研究对象,按照青海云杉分布界限海拔2500—3300 m,采用梯度格局法,研究祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的空间分布特征,以期为准确估算祁连山青海云杉林碳储量变化影响因素提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林生物量平均值为115.83 t/hm~2,碳密度平均值为60.23 t/hm~2。生物量整体随海拔梯度增加表现为先增加后波动降低的趋势,在海拔2800 m处达到最高值(197.10 t/hm~2),海拔3300 m处达到最低值(7.66t/hm~2),且不同海拔梯度间差异显著。林分各器官生物量分配格局在各海拔处均表现为干根枝叶。(2)土壤有机碳含量平均值为54.80 g/kg,变化范围为31.49—76.96 g/kg。随着土壤层次的增加,除海拔3200 m和3300 m的土壤有机碳含量未表现出规律变化外,其他海拔梯度则均呈现出逐渐降低趋势。土壤有机碳密度在海拔2900 m最高,为245.40 t/hm~2,在海拔2700 m处最低,为130.24 t/hm~2;海拔2500—2700 m表现为平缓降低趋势,在2800 m处急剧上升,且海拔2800—3200 m呈现无显著性轻度波动变化,在海拔3300 m又急剧降低。(3)青海云杉林生态系统平均总碳密度为255.15 t/hm~2,乔木层和土壤层占总碳密度的比例分别为23.61%和76.39%,且不同海拔梯度间存在极显著差异。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、年均降水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关,与年夏季平均气温呈显著负相关;乔木层碳密度与年夏季气温、林分密度、胸高断面积呈显著正相关,与海拔和土壤全氮呈显著负相关。(4)祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度均随海拔梯度变化受水热条件组合的改变而呈现规律变化,以中部海拔区段2800—3200 m碳密度较高。     

模拟酸雨和镉复合处理对秃瓣杜英生长和荧光参数的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨(pH 3.0和pH 5.6)和镉(Cd 50和Cd 100)复合污染以及对照处理(CK)对秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)的生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明:单独的酸雨处理显著增加了植株总生物量的积累,促进了根和叶片生物量的分配,降低了茎干生物量的分配,且显著降低了叶片中的镉含量。单独镉处理下,Cd 50显著增加了植株生物量的积累,促进了根和叶片生物量的分配,Cd 100虽抑制了植株生物量的积累,但生物量分配几乎不受影响。复合处理促进了植株根和叶片生物量的分配,降低茎干生物量分配,且降低了根冠比,其中pH 5.6+Cd 100显著促进了植株生物量的积累。所有处理的荧光参数与对照无显著差异,说明未对植株的PSⅡ反应中心产生显著影响。镉在植株体内的积累为:根茎叶。酸雨强度和镉浓度的交互作用对生物量,镉含量和F0影响显著。因此,秃瓣杜英对酸雨和镉的复合污染有较强的耐受能力。     

Root exudates and their ecological consequences in forest ecosystems: Problems and perspective北大核心CSCD

Researches on rhizosphere ecological processes and the underlying mechanisms have become one of the most active and sensitive hotspots in soil science. Root exudates have specialized roles in mediating the nutrient cycling and signal transduction within root-soil-microbe interactions. They are the key driving factors in regulating the functions of rhizosphere micro-ecosystem, and serve as a major premise for the concept and ecological processes in rhizosphere. However, due to the instinctive advantages of crops, such as short life cycles and convenient operation, most previous studies on root exudation mainly focused on agricultural ecosystems and were primarily targeted at providing practical guidelines. In contrast, there have been relatively few investigations on root exudates of trees, which highly limited the comprehensive knowledge of the potential mechanisms of root exudates in mediating soil biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. Hence, in this review, based on the main findings in our previous studies and the emerging frontiers in rhizosphere ecology, we specifically reviewed the ecological consequences and key remaining challenges in researches on root exudation in forests. Finally, we identify several topics and research outlooks for guiding future work to facilitate studies on root exudation and its ecological consequences in forest ecosystems. © Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology     

纤维素降解菌的分离筛选及对中药废弃物的固相发酵研究

中药在提取炮制后残留大量生物质被简单堆弃,而其中的木质纤维素等生物质能被微生物有效利用降解,筛选到16株对木质纤维素有降解效果的菌株,对其中8株降解效果明显功能菌株进行了深入研究,经16(18)S rDNA鉴定发现5株细菌主要为Bacillus属、Streptomyces属和Enterobacter属,3株真菌为Ascomycete属、Aspergillus属和Trichosporon属;利用8株菌固相发酵中药废弃物,通过监测堆体温度、pH等参数,发现细菌类在发酵初期能迅速提高堆体温度,而真菌类发酵腐熟过程较缓慢,提示利用细菌-真菌联合组成降解菌系是提高中药废弃物固相发酵的重要手段。     

增温施氮对高寒草甸生产力及生物量分配的影响

在青藏高原高寒草甸区设置模拟增温和氮添加处理,研究长期增温与外源氮输入对高寒草甸群落生产及其分配的影响.结果表明:开顶箱增温装置造成小环境暖干化,即显著提高地表空气温度1.6℃,提高表层土壤温度1.4℃,降低土壤含水量4.7%.2012、2013和2014年不施氮处理下增温分别降低地上生物量61.5%、108.8%和77.1%,在高氮(40和80kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)处理下增温对群落地上生物量无显著影响,这说明增温的影响依赖于氮添加水平,且施氮补偿了增温导致的土壤氮损失.增温导致根冠比增加,2012、2013和2014年不施氮处理下增温分别增加根冠比98.6%、60.7%和97.8%.在不增温处理下,植物群落地上、地下生物量的变化率均表现出低氮(10、20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)促进、高氮抑制的趋势,达到饱和阈值时的氮添加剂量分别为56.0和55.5 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1;而在增温处理下,地上、地下生物量随施氮量增加呈线性增加趋势.这说明增温改变了高寒草甸生物量分配对外源氮输入的响应模式,增温导致的土壤无机氮含量变化是生物量分配模式改变的主要原因.由氮添加试验估算的高寒草甸氮饱和阈值表明,高寒草甸对氮输入的敏感性高于其他类型草地.     

Decomposition of different root branch orders and its dominant controlling factors in four temperate tree species北大核心CSCD

Aims Fine root decomposition is the major pathway of carbon and nutrient input to the soil in forest ecosystems. However, the patterns and controlling factors of the decomposition of these roots, especially the finest roots, are poorly understood. Methods Using a root branch-order classification, we separated the first four orders of fine root systems of Pinus koraiensis, Larix gmelinii, Fraxinus mandschurica and Betula platyphylla into two classes: first- and second-order roots combined into lower-order; third- and fourth-order roots combined into higher-order. We conducted a four-year field litterbag study on decomposition of these four root orders of four temperate tree species in northeast China. Important findings The results showed that the lower-order and higher-order roots had a decomposition rate constant of 0.342 and 0.461 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.304 and 0.436 for Larix gmelinii, 0.450 and 0.555 for Fraxinus mandschurica, and 0.441 and 0.579 for Betula platyphylla, respectively. We observed slower decay rates in lower-order than in higher-order roots in all four studied tree species. The root decay constants (k) was significantly correlated with both acid-unhydrolyzable fraction (AUF) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC). We concluded that slow decomposition of lower-order roots was mainly driven by their high AUF and low TNC concentrations. © Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology.     

展毛翠雀花期繁殖特征和生物量分配对放牧的响应

生物量分配影响植物生长和繁殖,是植物生活史研究的重要内容。为了了解植物生活史性状对放牧的响应,该研究以青藏高原高寒草甸毒杂草展毛翠雀为对象,分析了放牧干扰对展毛翠雀的花期繁殖分配和性分配的影响。结果表明:放牧显著降低了展毛翠雀的总生物量、个体大小和繁殖投入; 放牧未改变展毛翠雀的营养部分与繁殖部分的等速生长关系,但显著增加了繁殖部分的生物量分配和总花数; 展毛翠雀的个体大小与总花数呈显著的正相关关系,但与性分配呈显著的负相关关系; 展毛翠雀的总花数与单花大小、单花的花瓣比例均表现出负相关关系,表明总花数与单花大小之间、总花数与单花的花瓣比例之间均存在权衡。因此,在放牧条件下,展毛翠雀的繁殖分配和性分配均表现出显著的可塑性。     

金沙江干热河谷车桑子生殖枝生物量分配的性别差异

以车桑子生殖枝为材料,通过野外调查、取样以及各器官生物量的测定,研究金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子不同性别植株生殖枝生物量分配特征。结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子种群雄∶雌性别比为0.11,极显著的偏离1∶1（P<0.001）,种群偏雌性。（2）车桑子生殖枝的形态特征和生物量分配特征均具有显著的性别差异;雌性植株生殖枝花朵生物量和总生物量显著高于雄性和两性植株（P <0.05）,而后两者之间无显著差异;生殖枝生殖分配具有显著的性别差异（P <0.05）,但生殖枝叶生物量无性别差异。（3）生殖枝生物量大小与花朵生物量、营养生物量均呈极显著正相关关系（P <0.001）。营养生物量与花朵生物量之间为显著正相关关系(P <0.01),生殖分配与生殖枝大小无相关关系。研究认为,车桑子生殖枝营养生长与生殖生长不具有权衡关系,且生殖分配不具有个体大小依赖性,特定生物量分配模式可能是对金沙江干热河谷区资源利用、环境适应的一种特殊形态模式。     

Identifying the functional groups and the influence of synthetic chelators on Cd availability and microbial biomass carbon in Cd-contaminated soil

Synthetic chelators play an important role in boosting the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and heavy metal solubility in a contaminated soil toward a sustainability of environment for agricultural crops. Castor plant was grown under different levels of Cd contaminated soil (?Cd and +Cd) following adding three chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H₄EDTA), nitriloacetic acid (H₃ NTA), and NH₄ citrate (ammonium citrate) to the soil at rates of 10, 15, and 25 mmol in 5 kg of soil per pot. The highest bioavailable Cd concentrations in soil and castor plant were obtained from NH₄ citrate and H₄EDTA treatments in the contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that NH₄ citrate was the most effective chelator in Cd-contaminated soil. MBC and DOC contents were significantly increased and reached at 81.98–80.37 and 1.96–1.90 mg kg^?1 respectively, in the (H₃ NTA) and NH₄ citrate treatments in Cd-contaminated soil. Further research is needed to investigate the use of chelators in the phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils under field conditions and whether it may be beneficial in accelerating the phytoextraction of Cd through hyperaccumulating plants.